{
  "countries": [
    {
      "code": "NO",
      "name": "Norway",
      "city": "Oslo",
      "hardnessLabel": "Soft",
      "hardnessValue": "≈41 mg/L CaCO₃ (≈2.3°dH)",
      "hardnessDesc": "Fed mostly by surface-water lakes (Maridalsvannet), which is why Oslo's tap water is some of the softest in Europe — you won't need dishwasher salt here.",
      "disinfection": "UV light",
      "disinfectionShort": "UV, no chlorine",
      "disinfectionDesc": "Oslo uses UV light as its main disinfection barrier rather than chlorine, so there's little to no chlorine taste.",
      "supplier": "Vann- og avløpsetaten (VAV), Oslo kommune",
      "note": "Oslo's water meets every legal requirement and is genuinely good — but \"safe\" doesn't remove the last trace minerals and microplastics that affect taste over time.",
      "cardFact": "Some of the softest tap water in Europe",
      "recommendation": "Oslo's water is already soft and low-chlorine — a PJURE filter here is about polishing what's left: PFAS traces, microplastics and any organic taste compounds, while keeping the good minerals in.",
      "source": "https://www.oslo.kommune.no/vann-og-avlop/drikkevannskvalitet/",
      "peopleServed": "700,000+",
      "sourceType": "Surface water (lakes)",
      "thm": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "3.3–9.1 µg/L",
        "sub": "treatment plants, 2024",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "100 µg/L (EU)",
        "note": "",
        "source": "https://www.oslo.kommune.no/get-file/975452/b50fc3d723b6688b3a072faa72ca1e62060f6dfd6db2081de752df3faccaf4eb"
      },
      "pfas": {
        "measured": false,
        "value": null,
        "sub": "",
        "withinLimit": null,
        "legalLimit": "100 ng/L (sum of 20, from Jan 2026)",
        "note": "Only tested in raw (untreated) water so far — 0.3–1.1 ng/L there, far below the incoming limit. Tap water isn't separately published.",
        "source": "https://www.oslo.kommune.no/get-file/975452/b50fc3d723b6688b3a072faa72ca1e62060f6dfd6db2081de752df3faccaf4eb"
      },
      "lead": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "0.12 µg/L",
        "sub": "average of 2,903 samples, 2024",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "10 µg/L",
        "note": "",
        "source": "https://www.oslo.kommune.no/get-file/975452/b50fc3d723b6688b3a072faa72ca1e62060f6dfd6db2081de752df3faccaf4eb"
      }
    },
    {
      "code": "PT",
      "name": "Portugal",
      "city": "Lisbon",
      "hardnessLabel": "Medium",
      "hardnessValue": "≈80 mg/L CaCO₃ (range 40–170 across the network)",
      "hardnessDesc": "EPAL blends water from the Tagus river and the Alviela springs, so hardness varies noticeably from one part of the city to another.",
      "disinfection": "Chlorine",
      "disinfectionShort": "Chlorinated",
      "disinfectionDesc": "EPAL doses chlorine (gas and sodium hypochlorite) at multiple points across the network to keep water safe as it travels.",
      "supplier": "EPAL — Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres",
      "note": "Lisbon's water meets EU drinking water standards — the chlorine that keeps it safe in the pipes is also what most people taste and want filtered out at the tap.",
      "cardFact": "Hardness varies block by block across the city",
      "recommendation": "With chlorine dosed throughout Lisbon's network, a PJURE filter's biggest job here is removing that chlorine taste and smell before it reaches your glass — while leaving the water's natural minerals untouched.",
      "source": "https://www.epal.pt/EPAL/menu/%C3%A1gua/divulga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-dados-da-qualidade-da-%C3%A1gua",
      "peopleServed": "~500,000 in Lisbon (3M across EPAL's network)",
      "sourceType": "Blend (river + springs)",
      "thm": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "35–56 µg/L",
        "sub": "quarterly range, 2024–25",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "100 µg/L (EU)",
        "note": "",
        "source": "https://www.epal.pt/EPAL/menu/%C3%A1gua/divulga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-dados-da-%C3%A1gua"
      },
      "pfas": {
        "measured": false,
        "value": null,
        "sub": "",
        "withinLimit": null,
        "legalLimit": "100 ng/L (sum of 20, from Jan 2026)",
        "note": "EPAL states its water complies with EU PFAS rules but does not publish a specific measured figure.",
        "source": "https://www.epal.pt/EPAL/menu/%C3%A1gua/divulga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-dados-da-%C3%A1gua"
      },
      "lead": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "<0.50–4.89 µg/L",
        "sub": "quarterly range, 2024–25",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "10 µg/L",
        "note": "",
        "source": "https://www.epal.pt/EPAL/menu/%C3%A1gua/divulga%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-dados-da-%C3%A1gua"
      }
    },
    {
      "code": "ES",
      "name": "Spain",
      "city": "Madrid",
      "hardnessLabel": "Soft",
      "hardnessValue": "≈50 mg/L CaCO₃ (≈5°fH)",
      "hardnessDesc": "Madrid draws from reservoirs in the granitic Sierra de Guadarrama — granite releases very little calcium, making this one of Spain's softer-water capitals.",
      "disinfection": "Chloramine",
      "disinfectionShort": "Chloraminated",
      "disinfectionDesc": "Canal de Isabel II has used combined chlorine (chloramine) disinfection since the 1960s, with ozone and activated carbon upstream.",
      "supplier": "Canal de Isabel II",
      "note": "Madrid's water is compliant and well regarded locally — chloramine is more persistent than plain chlorine, so its taste can linger even after boiling.",
      "cardFact": "Soft water from granite mountain reservoirs",
      "recommendation": "Chloramine doesn't boil off the way plain chlorine does, so filtering at the tap is the more reliable way to get rid of it in Madrid — without stripping the water's minerals.",
      "source": "https://www.canaldeisabelsegunda.es/en/water_quality",
      "peopleServed": "6.6 million (Madrid Region)",
      "sourceType": "Surface water (reservoirs)",
      "thm": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "42 µg/L",
        "sub": "one district, 2026 sample",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "100 µg/L (EU)",
        "note": "From Spain's national SINAC database — one sampling zone, not a full city average.",
        "source": "https://sinacv2.sanidad.gob.es/CiudadanoWeb/ciudadano/informacionAbastecimientoActionDetalleRed.do?idRed=249&codMunicipio=28079"
      },
      "pfas": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "Not detected",
        "sub": "sum of 20 PFAS, one zone",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "100 ng/L (sum of 20, from Jan 2026)",
        "note": "Single zone/date via SINAC — Madrid's own regional report doesn't track PFAS separately yet.",
        "source": "https://sinacv2.sanidad.gob.es/CiudadanoWeb/ciudadano/informacionAbastecimientoActionDetalleRed.do?idRed=249&codMunicipio=28079"
      },
      "lead": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "Not detected",
        "sub": "one district, 2026 sample",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "10 µg/L",
        "note": "Single zone via SINAC, not a citywide figure.",
        "source": "https://sinacv2.sanidad.gob.es/CiudadanoWeb/ciudadano/informacionAbastecimientoActionDetalleRed.do?idRed=249&codMunicipio=28079"
      }
    },
    {
      "code": "DE",
      "name": "Germany",
      "city": "Berlin",
      "hardnessLabel": "Hard",
      "hardnessValue": "14°dH (≈250 mg/L CaCO₃)",
      "hardnessDesc": "Berlin's supply is 100% local groundwater, filtered naturally through sandy, chalky soil — the same process that adds all this mineral hardness.",
      "disinfection": "None (groundwater)",
      "disinfectionShort": "No routine chlorine",
      "disinfectionDesc": "Under normal conditions Berlin adds no disinfectant at all; UV systems only switch on if a check shows a problem.",
      "supplier": "Berliner Wasserbetriebe",
      "note": "Berlin's water is legally excellent and rarely chlorinated — but at 14°dH it's hard enough to scale up kettles, coffee machines and pipes over time.",
      "cardFact": "100% groundwater — and famously hard",
      "recommendation": "Berlin is 100% groundwater and rarely chlorinated — a PJURE filter here is mainly about PFAS, microplastics and any organic taste compounds picked up on the way, not chlorine.",
      "source": "https://www.bwb.de/de/wasserqualitaet.php",
      "peopleServed": "3.5–3.8 million",
      "sourceType": "Groundwater (100%)",
      "thm": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "Not detected",
        "sub": "all 9 waterworks, 2025 median",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "50 µg/L (Germany's own stricter limit)",
        "note": "",
        "source": "https://www.bwb.de/de/assets/downloads/analysewerte-wasserwerke.pdf"
      },
      "pfas": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "1.9–34 ng/L",
        "sub": "across 9 waterworks, 2025 median",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "100 ng/L (sum of 20, from Jan 2026)",
        "note": "Highest near the former Tegel airport — still well within the incoming limit.",
        "source": "https://www.bwb.de/de/assets/downloads/analysewerte-wasserwerke.pdf"
      },
      "lead": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "<0.5 µg/L",
        "sub": "all 9 waterworks, 2025 median",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "10 µg/L",
        "note": "",
        "source": "https://www.bwb.de/de/assets/downloads/analysewerte-wasserwerke.pdf"
      }
    },
    {
      "code": "FR",
      "name": "France",
      "city": "Paris",
      "hardnessLabel": "Hard",
      "hardnessValue": "≈270 mg/L CaCO₃ (≈27°f)",
      "hardnessDesc": "Paris blends roughly half groundwater, half river water (Seine/Marne) flowing through the Paris basin's limestone — the well-documented source of its hardness.",
      "disinfection": "Ozone + UV, trace chlorine",
      "disinfectionShort": "Ozone-treated",
      "disinfectionDesc": "Eau de Paris disinfects primarily with ozone and UV, adding only a small residual dose of chlorine to protect water through the pipe network.",
      "supplier": "Eau de Paris",
      "note": "Paris's water is well tested and meets EU standards — the limestone that shapes the city also leaves its water noticeably hard at the tap.",
      "cardFact": "Half river, half groundwater — and hard",
      "recommendation": "With Paris using ozone plus a light chlorine residual, a PJURE filter's job here is smoothing that chlorine finish and reducing PFAS — while leaving Paris's minerals exactly as they are.",
      "source": "https://www.eaudeparis.fr/la-qualite-de-leau",
      "peopleServed": "3 million",
      "sourceType": "Blend (river + groundwater)",
      "thm": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "4.4–23.1 µg/L",
        "sub": "zone averages, 2024",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "100 µg/L (EU)",
        "note": "",
        "source": "https://www.eaudeparis.fr/sites/default/files/2025-10/Rapport_ARS%202024_VF.pdf"
      },
      "pfas": {
        "measured": false,
        "value": null,
        "sub": "",
        "withinLimit": null,
        "legalLimit": "100 ng/L (sum of 20, from Jan 2026)",
        "note": "Not yet part of Paris's routine testing — a 2024–25 regional scan found no exceedances in Paris itself.",
        "source": "https://www.iledefrance.ars.sante.fr/surveillance-des-pfas-dans-leau-de-consommation-humaine-en-region-ile-de-france"
      },
      "lead": {
        "measured": false,
        "value": null,
        "sub": "",
        "withinLimit": null,
        "legalLimit": "10 µg/L",
        "note": "No network-wide figure is published. A few readings of 11–28 µg/L turned up at specific old buildings' internal pipework in 2024 — regulators flagged these as not representative of the public network.",
        "source": "https://www.eaudeparis.fr/sites/default/files/2025-10/Rapport_ARS%202024_VF.pdf"
      }
    },
    {
      "code": "IT",
      "name": "Italy",
      "city": "Rome",
      "hardnessLabel": "Hard",
      "hardnessValue": "≈260–310 mg/L CaCO₃ (≈260 mg/L reported by ACEA, up to ≈31°F cited locally)",
      "hardnessDesc": "Hardness varies by aqueduct and district; several of Rome's sources are volcanic in origin, which ACEA treats specifically to keep levels within limits.",
      "disinfection": "Chlorine-based",
      "disinfectionShort": "Disinfected",
      "disinfectionDesc": "Acea Ato 2 applies post-treatment disinfection at plants such as Grottarossa and Montanciano to keep the network safe.",
      "supplier": "Acea Ato 2 (Gruppo ACEA)",
      "note": "Rome's water meets Italian and EU limits — but between volcanic-origin minerals and network-wide hardness, it's a long way from optimal at the tap.",
      "cardFact": "Volcanic-origin sources feed parts of the city",
      "recommendation": "Between chlorine-based disinfection and volcanic-origin minerals in parts of the network, a PJURE filter in Rome focuses on chlorine taste and documented contaminant reduction, not on softening the water.",
      "source": "https://www.aceaato2.a-acqua.it/qualita-acqua",
      "peopleServed": "~3.7–4 million (Rome + 111 municipalities)",
      "sourceType": "Blend (aqueducts + springs)",
      "thm": {
        "measured": false,
        "value": null,
        "sub": "",
        "withinLimit": null,
        "legalLimit": "100 µg/L (EU)",
        "note": "Not publicly published by Acea Ato 2.",
        "source": "https://www.aceaato2.a-acqua.it/qualita-acqua"
      },
      "pfas": {
        "measured": false,
        "value": null,
        "sub": "",
        "withinLimit": null,
        "legalLimit": "100 ng/L (sum of 20, from Jan 2026)",
        "note": "Testing is newly required under Italy's 2025 decree — no results published yet.",
        "source": "https://www.aceaato2.a-acqua.it/qualita-acqua"
      },
      "lead": {
        "measured": false,
        "value": null,
        "sub": "",
        "withinLimit": null,
        "legalLimit": "10 µg/L",
        "note": "Not publicly published by Acea Ato 2.",
        "source": "https://www.aceaato2.a-acqua.it/qualita-acqua"
      }
    },
    {
      "code": "GB",
      "name": "United Kingdom",
      "city": "London",
      "hardnessLabel": "Very hard",
      "hardnessValue": "≈250–350 mg/L CaCO₃ (varies by supply zone)",
      "hardnessDesc": "London sits on chalk and Oolitic limestone in the Thames Valley; about 65% of supply comes from rivers and 35% from the chalk aquifer beneath the city.",
      "disinfection": "Chlorine",
      "disinfectionShort": "Chlorinated",
      "disinfectionDesc": "Thames Water doses chlorine to roughly 0.9 mg/L leaving treatment works, tapering as it travels through the network.",
      "supplier": "Thames Water",
      "note": "Thames Water is upfront that \"all the water in our region is hard\" — it's fully compliant, but among the hardest, most chlorinated tap water in Western Europe.",
      "cardFact": "\"All the water in our region is hard\" — Thames Water",
      "recommendation": "London combines noticeable chlorine dosing with everyday PFAS exposure — a PJURE filter is built to reduce both, without stripping out London's minerals.",
      "source": "https://www.thameswater.co.uk/help/water-and-waste-help/water-quality/hard-water",
      "peopleServed": "9 million (water customers)",
      "sourceType": "Blend (65% river, 35% groundwater)",
      "thm": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "16 µg/L",
        "sub": "Kingston North zone, 2025",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "100 µg/L",
        "note": "Thames Water reports per supply zone rather than one London-wide figure.",
        "source": "https://water-quality-api.prod.p.webapp.thameswater.co.uk/water-quality-api/Zone/SLW27A"
      },
      "pfas": {
        "measured": false,
        "value": null,
        "sub": "",
        "withinLimit": null,
        "legalLimit": "100 ng/L (non-statutory DWI guideline)",
        "note": "The UK has no legal PFAS limit yet — the regulator's own guideline is non-binding, and PFAS isn't part of Thames Water's standard published results.",
        "source": "https://dwi-production-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/24141825/DWI_PFAS-Guidance_Mar_2025.pdf"
      },
      "lead": {
        "measured": true,
        "value": "1.1 µg/L",
        "sub": "Kingston North zone, 2025",
        "withinLimit": true,
        "legalLimit": "10 µg/L",
        "note": "Zone-specific, not London-wide — some other zones have had exceedances flagged by the regulator.",
        "source": "https://water-quality-api.prod.p.webapp.thameswater.co.uk/water-quality-api/Zone/SLW27A"
      }
    }
  ]
}