Function

Physical pre-filtration stage. Removes fine particles early in the process and protects downstream filtration stages.

Helps reduce

• Fine particles and sediment
• Turbidity
• Microplastics
• Cysts and particulate matter

Why this matters

Physical filtration removes particles that cannot be adsorbed (next stage).

This stage improves clarity and ensures that the water reaching the tap is clean, stable and visually clear.

Function

Primary adsorption stage. Targets dissolved substances early in the process and prepares the water for the next filtration stage, KDF.

Helps reduce

• Chlorine
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
• Chemical residues
• Long-chain PFAS compounds, including PFOA and PFOS

Why this matters

Activated carbon is one of the most widely used and well-studied filtration materials for drinking water.

It is particularly effective at addressing substances that affect taste and smell, and it plays a key role in improving overall water quality before further treatment.

Function

KDF is what we call a filtration process that uses zinc and copper. When water flows through this layer, certain unwanted substances react with the metal surface. This reaction changes how the substances behave, making them neutral and no longer active. Scientists also have a fancy name for this process: A redox reaction.

Helps reduce

• Heavy metals, including lead
• Chemical residues that remain after carbon filtration
• Inhibits bacterial growth inside the filter

Why this matters

Some substances in water are not easily removed by adsorption alone.

KDF helps handle what activated carbon does not fully catch on its own.

By changing how certain substances behave, this layer supports the overall filtration process and helps the system perform more consistently over time.

It also reduces stress on the carbon layer, which can support longer-lasting and more stable filtration.

Function

This layer contains natural stones made of calcite and maifanite. As water flows through, research shows that these stones release small amounts of naturally occurring minerals, such as calcium, magnesium and silica.

These minerals act as natural electrolytes and help give the water a more balanced, natural feel.

After unwanted substances have been reduced earlier in the process, this final step helps bring the water back into balance, supporting a naturally stable pH.

Helps support

• A balanced mineral profile
• Stable pH levels
• Clean, natural taste

Why this matters

Some filtration systems focus only on removal. That can leave the water tasting flat or empty. The mineral layer is there to bring the water back into balance.

This layer is about balance, not supplementation. Nothing artificial. Nothing excessive.